SQL Theory Questions

What are the different types of SQL commands?
DDL - Data Definition Language
DML - Data Manipulation Language
DCL - Data Control Language
TCL - Transactional Control Language

What are SQL Constraints?

The following constraints are commonly used in SQL:

NOT NULL - Ensures that a column cannot have a NULL value
UNIQUE - Ensures that all values in a column are different
PRIMARY KEY - A combination of a NOT NULL and UNIQUE. Uniquely identifies each row in a table
FOREIGN KEY - Prevents actions that would destroy links between tables
CHECK - Ensures that the values in a column satisfies a specific condition
DEFAULT - Sets a default value for a column if no value is specified
CREATE INDEX - Used to create and retrieve data from the database very quickly

Difference between Primary Key and Unique Key

Primary Key	Unique Key
Unique identifier for rows of a table	Unique identifier for rows of a table when primary key is not present
Cannot be NULL	Can be NULL
Only one primary key can be present in a table	Multiple Unique Keys can be present in a table
present in a table	present in a table
Selection using primary key creates clustered index	Selection using unique key creates non-clustered index

Explain DDL commands. What are the different DDL commands in SQL?
Ans. DDL refers to Data Definition Language, it is used to define or alter the structure of the database. The different DDL commands are-

CREATE - Used to create table in the database
DROP - Drops the table from the database
ALTER - Alters the structure of the database
TRUNCATE - Deletes all the records from the database but not its database structure
RENAME - Renames a database object

Explain DML commands. What are the different DML commands in SQL?
Ans. DML refers to Data Manipulation Language, it is used for managing data present in the database. Some of the DML commands are-select, insert, update, delete etc.

Explain DCL commands. What are the different DCL commands in SQL?
Ans. DCL refers to Data Control Language, these commands are used to create roles,
grant permission and control access to the database objects. The three DCL commands are-

GRANT - Grants permission to a database user
REVOKE - Removes access privileges from a user provided with the GRANT command
Deny - Explicitly prevents a user from receiving a particular permission
(e.g. preventing a particular user belonging to a group to receive the access controls

Explain TCL commands. What are the different TCL commands in SQL?
Ans. TCL refers to Transaction Control Language, it is used to manage the changes made by DML statements. These are used to process a group of SQL statements comprising a logical unit. The three TCL commands are-

COMMIT - Commit write the changes to the database
SAVEPOINT - Savepoints are the breakpoints, these divide the transaction into smaller logical units which could be further roll-backed.
ROLLBACK - Rollbacks are used to restore the database since a last commit.

What is the difference between unique key and primary key?
Ans. A unique key allows null value(although only one) but a primary key doesn't allow null values.
A table can have more than one unique keys columns while there can be only one primary key.
A unique key column creates non-clustered index whereas primary key creates a clustered index on the column.

What is a Foreign Key?
Ans. A foreign key is used for enforcing referential integrity in which a field marked as foreign key in one table is linked with primary key of another table.

What is the difference between delete, truncate and drop command?
Ans. The difference between the Delete, Truncate and Drop command is -

Delete command is a DML command, it removes rows from table based on the condition specified in the where clause, being a DML statement we can rollback changes made by delete command.
Truncate is a DDL command, it removes all the rows from table and also frees the space held unlike delete command. It takes lock on the table while delete command takes lock on rows of table.
Drop is a DDL command, it removes the complete data along with the table structure(unlike truncate command that removes only the rows).

What are the different types of joins in SQL?
Ans. Joins are used to combine records from multiple tables. The different types of joins in SQL are-

Inner Join - To fetch rows from two tables having matching data in the specified columns of both the tables.
SELECT * FROM TABLE1 INNER JOIN TABLE2 ON TABLE1.columnA = TABLE2.columnA;

Left Join - To fetch all rows from left table and matching rows of the right table
SELECT * FROM TABLE1 LEFT JOIN TABLE2 ON TABLE1.columnA = TABLE2.columnA;

Right Join - To fetch all rows from right table and matching rows of the left table
SELECT * FROM TABLE1 RIGHT JOIN TABLE2 ON TABLE1.columnA = TABLE2.columnA;

Full Outer Join - To fetch all rows of left table and all rows of right table
SELECT * FROM TABLE1 FULL OUTER JOIN TABLE2 ON TABLE1.columnA = TABLE2.columnA;

Self Join - Joining a table to itself, for referencing its own data
SELECT * FROM TABLE1 T1, TABLE1 T2 WHERE T1.columnA = T2.columnB;

What are difference between having and where clause?
Ans. A 'where' clause is used to fetch data from database that specifies a particular criteria (specified after the where clause). Whereas a 'having' clause is used along with 'GROUPBY' to fetch data that meets a particular criteria specified by the aggregate function.

For example - for a table with Employee and Project fields, if we want to fetch Employee working on a particular project P2, we will use 'where' clause-

Select Employee from Emp_Project wh2ere Project = P2;

Now if we want to fetch Employees who are working on more than one project, we will first have to group the Employee column along with count of project and than the 'having' clause can be used to fetch relevant records-

Select Employee from Emp_Project GROUPBY Employee having count(Project)>1;

What is the difference between Union and Union All command?
Ans. The fundamental difference between Union and Union All command is, Union is by default distinct i.e.
it combines the distinct result set of two or more select statements.
Whereas, Union All combines all the rows including duplicates in the result set of different select statements.

What are different Clauses used in SQL?

WHERE Clause: This clause is used to define the condition, extract and display only those records which fulfill the given condition

Syntax: SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

GROUP BY Clause: It is used with SELECT statement to group the result of the executed query using the value specified in it. It matches the value with the column name in tables and groups the end result accordingly.

Syntax: SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
GROUP BY column_name;

HAVING clause: This clause is used in association with the GROUP BY clause. It is applied to each group of result or the entire result as a single group and much similar as WHERE clause, the only difference is you cannot use it without GROUP BY clause

Syntax: SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
GROUP BY column_name
HAVING condition;

ORDER BY clause: This clause is to define the order of the query output either in ascending (ASC) or in descending (DESC) order. Ascending (ASC) is the default one but descending (DESC) is set explicitly.

Syntax: SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition
ORDER BY column_name ASC|DESC;

USING clause: USING clause comes in use while working with SQL Joins. It is used to check equality based on columns when tables are joined. It can be used instead ON clause in Joins.

Syntax: SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
JOIN table_name
USING (column_name);

What do we need to check in Database Testing?

Generally, in Database Testing following thing is need to be tested

Database Connectivity
Constraint Check
Required Application Field and its size
Data Retrieval and Processing With DML operations
Stored Procedures
Functional flow

How do you add a column to a table?
Ans. To add another column in the table following command has been used.

ALTER TABLE table_name ADD (column_name);

Define UNION, MINUS, UNION ALL, INTERSECT ?
Ans. MINUS – returns all distinct rows selected by the first query but not by the second.
UNION – returns all distinct rows selected by either query
UNION ALL – returns all rows selected by either query, including all duplicates.
INTERSECT – returns all distinct rows selected by both queries.

SQL Queries Questions

Nth highest salary

With limit clause

SELECT salary FROM Employee ORDER BY Salary DESC LIMIT n-1,1

select min(salary) from(select distinct salary from emp order by salary desc) where rownum <3;

Write SQL Query to display the current date.

SELECT GetDate();

Write an SQL Query to print the name of the distinct employee whose DOB is between 01/01/1960 to 31/12/1975.

SELECT DISTINCT EmpName FROM Employees WHERE DOB BETWEEN ‘01/01/1960’ AND ‘31/12/1975’;

Write an SQL Query to find name of employee whose name Start with ‘M’

SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE EmpName like 'M%';

Write SQL Query to find duplicate rows in a database? and then write SQL query to delete them?

SELECT * FROM emp a WHERE rowid = (SELECT MAX(rowid) FROM EMP b WHERE a.empno=b.empno)

Write a query to fetch only the first name(string before space) from the FullName column of EmployeeDetails table.

SELECT MID(FullName, 0, LOCATE(' ',FullName)) FROM EmployeeDetails;

Write a query to fetch employee names and salary records. Return employee details even if the salary record is not present for the employee.

SELECT E.FullName, S.Salary

FROM EmployeeDetails E LEFT JOIN EmployeeSalary S

ON E.EmpId = S.EmpId;

Write a SQL query to fetch only odd rows from table.

SELECT * FROM table

WHERE Column_ID % 2 = 1

Write a SQL query to fetch only even rows from table.

SELECT * FROM table

WHERE Column_id % 2 = 0

Write a SQL query to fetch common records between two tables.

SELECT * FROM EmployeeSalary

INTERSECT

SELECT * FROM ManagerSalary

Delete duplicate data from table only first data remains constant.

DELETE M1

From managers M1, managers M2

Where M2.Name = M1.Name AND M1.Id>M2.Id;

Write An SQL Query To Fetch Unique Values Of DEPARTMENT From Worker Table.

Select distinct DEPARTMENT from Worker;

Write An SQL Query To Print The First Three Characters Of FIRST_NAME From Worker Table.

Select substring(FIRST_NAME,1,3) from Worker;

Write An SQL Query To Find The Position Of The Alphabet (‘A’) In The First Name Column ‘Amitabh’ From Worker Table.

Select INSTR(FIRST_NAME, BINARY'a') from Worker where FIRST_NAME = 'Amitabh';

Write An SQL Query To Print The FIRST_NAME From Worker Table After Removing White Spaces From The Right Side.

Select RTRIM(FIRST_NAME) from Worker;

Write An SQL Query To Print The FIRST_NAME From Worker Table After Replacing ‘A’ With ‘A’.

Select REPLACE(FIRST_NAME,'a','A') from Worker;

Write An SQL Query To Print Details For Workers With The First Name As “Vipul” And “Satish” From Worker Table.

Select * from Worker where FIRST_NAME in ('Vipul','Satish');

Write An SQL Query To Print Details Of Workers With DEPARTMENT Name As “Admin”.

Select * from Worker where DEPARTMENT like 'Admin%';

Write An SQL Query To Print Details Of The Workers Whose FIRST_NAME Contains ‘A’.

Select * from Worker where FIRST_NAME like '%a%';

Write An SQL Query To Print Details Of The Workers Whose FIRST_NAME Ends With ‘A’.

Select * from Worker where FIRST_NAME like '%a';

Write An SQL Query To Print Details Of The Workers Whose FIRST_NAME Ends With ‘H’ And Contains Six Alphabets.

Select * from Worker where FIRST_NAME like '_____h';

Write An SQL Query To Print Details Of The Workers Whose SALARY Lies Between 100000 And 500000.

Select * from Worker where SALARY between 100000 and 500000;

Write An SQL Query To Fetch The Count Of Employees Working In The Department ‘Admin’.

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM worker WHERE DEPARTMENT = 'Admin';

Write An SQL Query To Print Details Of The Workers Who Have Joined In Feb’2014.

Select * from Worker where year(JOINING_DATE) = 2014 and month(JOINING_DATE) = 2;

Write An SQL Query To Fetch Worker Names With Salaries >= 50000 And <= 100000.

SELECT FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, Salary

FROM worker

WHERE Salary BETWEEN 50000 AND 100000;

Write An SQL Query To Show The Second Highest Salary From A Table.

Select max(Salary) from Worker

where Salary < (Select max(Salary) from Worker);

Write An SQL Query To Fetch The Departments That Have Less Than Five People In It.

SELECT DEPARTMENT, COUNT(WORKER_ID) as 'Number of Workers' FROM Worker GROUP BY DEPARTMENT HAVING COUNT(WORKER_ID) < 5;

Write An SQL Query To Print The Name Of Employees Having The Highest Salary In Each Department.

SELECT t.DEPARTMENT,t.FIRST_NAME,t.Salary from(SELECT max(Salary) as TotalSalary,DEPARTMENT from Worker group by DEPARTMENT) as TempNew

Inner Join Worker t on TempNew.DEPARTMENT=t.DEPARTMENT

and TempNew.TotalSalary=t.Salary;

Write An SQL Query To Fetch Departments Along With The Total Salaries Paid For Each Of Them.

SELECT DEPARTMENT, sum(Salary) from worker group by DEPARTMENT;

Write An SQL Query To Fetch The Names Of Workers Who Earn The Highest Salary.

SELECT FIRST_NAME, SALARY from Worker WHERE SALARY=(SELECT max(SALARY) from Worker);

Get the department name and number of employees in the department

SELECT department_name AS 'Department Name', COUNT(*) AS 'No of Employees' FROM departments INNER JOIN employees ON employees.department_id = departments.department_id GROUP BY departments.department_id, department_name ORDER BY department_name;

API

What is an API?

API stands for Application Programming Interface. Talking in technical terms an API is a set of procedures, functions, and other points of access which an application, an operating system, a library etc., makes available to programmers in order to allow it to interact with other software.

API’s can be tested even when the GUI of the application is not yet ready.

Validate the response, response time, error code.
API testing primarily aims to test the business logic layer of the system’s architecture

It’s important to know that a request is made up of four things:

The endpoint : is the url
The method : The method is the type of request you send to the server.(Ex: Get, Post)
The headers : Headers are used to provide information to both the client and server (Ex:"Content-Type: application/json")
The data (or body) : The data (sometimes called “body” or “message”) contains information you want to be sent to the server

HTTP GET

Use GET requests to retrieve resource representation/information only – and not to modify it in any way. As GET requests do not change the state of the resource, these are said to be safe methods. if the resource is found on the server then it must return HTTP response code 200 (OK).In case resource is NOT found on server then it must return HTTP response code 404 (NOT FOUND).

HTTP POST

POST methods are used to create a new resource into the collection of resources.if a resource has been created on the origin server, the response SHOULD be HTTP response code 201 (Created).

HTTP PUT

Use PUT APIs primarily to update existing resource (if the resource does not exist then API may decide to create a new resource or not). If a new resource has been created by the PUT API, the origin server MUST inform the user agent via the HTTP response code 201 (Created) response and if an existing resource is modified, either the 200 (OK) or 204 (No Content) response codes SHOULD be sent to indicate successful completion of the request.

HTTP DELETE

As the name applies, DELETE APIs are used to delete resources (identified by the Request-URI).A successful response of DELETE requests SHOULD be HTTP response code 200 (OK) if the response includes an entity describing the status, 202 (Accepted) if the action has been queued, or 204 (No Content) if the action has been performed but the response does not include an entity.

HTTP Status Codes

1xx Informational

100 Continue

101 Switching Protocols

102 Processing (WebDAV)

2xx Success

200 OK

201 Created

202 Accepted

203 Non-Authoritative Information

204 No Content

205 Reset Content

206 Partial Content

207 Multi-Status (WebDAV)

208 Already Reported (WebDAV)

226 IM Used

3xx Redirection

300 Multiple Choices

301 Moved Permanently

302 Found

303 See Other

304 Not Modified

305 Use Proxy

306 (Unused)

307 Temporary Redirect

308 Permanent Redirect (experimental)

4xx Client Error

400 Bad Request

401 Unauthorized

402 Payment Required

403 Forbidden

404 Not Found

405 Method Not Allowed

406 Not Acceptable

407 Proxy Authentication Required

408 Request Timeout

409 Conflict

410 Gone

411 Length Required

412 Precondition Failed

413 Request Entity Too Large

414 Request-URI Too Long

415 Unsupported Media Type

416 Requested Range Not Satisfiable

417 Expectation Failed

418 I'm a teapot (RFC 2324)

420 Enhance Your Calm (Twitter)

422 Unprocessable Entity (WebDAV)

423 Locked (WebDAV)

424 Failed Dependency (WebDAV)

425 Reserved for WebDAV

426 Upgrade Required

428 Precondition Required

429 Too Many Requests

431 Request Header Fields Too Large

444 No Response (Nginx)

449 Retry With (Microsoft)

450 Blocked by Windows Parental Controls (Microsoft)

451 Unavailable For Legal Reasons

499 Client Closed Request (Nginx)

5xx Server Error

500 Internal Server Error

501 Not Implemented

502 Bad Gateway

503 Service Unavailable

504 Gateway Timeout

505 HTTP Version Not Supported

506 Variant Also Negotiates (Experimental)

507 Insufficient Storage (WebDAV)

508 Loop Detected (WebDAV)

509 Bandwidth Limit Exceeded (Apache)

510 Not Extended

511 Network Authentication Required

598 Network read timeout error

599 Network connect timeout error

Selenium Interview Questions

What type of tests have you automated?

Our main focus is to automate test cases to do Regression testing, Smoke testing, and Sanity testing.

How many test cases you have automated per day?
I did automate 2-5 test scenarios per day when the complexity is limited. Sometimes just 1 or fewer test scenarios in a day when the complexity is high.

What are the different exceptions you have faced in Selenium WebDriver?

ElementNotVisibleException
StaleElementReferenceException
WebDriverException
IllegalStateException
TimeoutException
NoAlertPresentException
NoSuchWindowException
NoSuchElementException

What is the alternative to driver.get() method to open an URL using Selenium WebDriver?

Alternative method to driver.get(“url”) method is driver.navigate.to(“url”)

driver.get(): open an URL and it will wait till the whole page gets loaded

driver.navigate.to(): navigate to an URL and It will not wait till the whole page gets loaded.

How to delete cookies in Selenium?

To delete cookies we use deleteAllCookies() method

driver.manage().deleteAllCookies();

What is the difference between driver.getWindowHandle() and driver.getWindowHandles() in Selenium WebDriver?

driver.getWindowHandle() – It returns a handle of the current page (a unique identifier)

driver.getWindowHandles() – It returns a set of handles of the all the pages available.

How to handle Ajax calls in Selenium WebDriver?

The best approach to handle this kind of situations in selenium is to use dynamic waits (i.e. WebDriverWait in combination with ExpectedCondition)

How to create and run TestNG.xml?

In TestNG framework, we need to create TestNG XML file to create and handle multiple test classes. We do configure our test run, set test dependency, include or exclude any test, method, class or package and set priority etc in the XML file.

What is Parameterized testing in TestNG?

Parameterized tests allow developers to run the same test over and over again using different values.

Explain what is assertion in Selenium and what are the types of assertion?

Assertion is used as a verification point. It verifies that the state of the application conforms to what is expected. The types of assertion are “assert” , “verify” and “waifFor”.

How you can use “submit” a form using Selenium ?

You can use “submit” method on element to submit form-

element.submit () ;

Explain how you can login into any site if it’s showing any authentication popup for password and username?

Pass the username and password with url

Syntax-http://username:password@url
ex- http://creyate:tom@www.gmail.com

Explain how you can find broken images in a page using Selenium Web driver ?

To find the broken images in a page using Selenium web driver is

Get XPath and get all the links in the page using tag name
In the page click on each and every link
Look for 404/500 in the target page title

Explain using Webdriver how you can perform double click ?

You can perform double click by using

Actions act = new Actions (driver);
act.doubleClick(webelement);

How do you read data from excel ?

FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(“path of excel file”);

Workbook wb = WorkbookFactory.create(fis);

Sheet s = wb.getSheet(“sheetName”);

String value = s.getRow(rowNum).getCell(cellNum).getStringCellValue();

Write the code for Reading and Writing to Excel through Selenium ?

FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(“path of excel file”);

Workbook wb = WorkbookFactory.create(fis);

Sheet s = wb.getSheet("sheetName");

String value = s.getRow(rowNum).getCell(cellNum).getStringCellValue(); // read data

s.getRow(rowNum).getCell(cellNum).setCellValue("value to be set"); //write data

FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(“path of file”);

wb.write(fos); //save file

What is the use of getOptions() method ?

getOptions() is used to get the selected option from the dropdown list.

Is WebElement an interface or a class ?

WebDriver is an Interface.

FirefoxDriver is class or an interface and from where is it inherited ?

FirefoxDriver is a class. It implements all the methods of WebDriver interface

What is the use of contextClick() ?

It is used to right click.

How can we capture screenshots in selenium ?

Using getScreenshotAs method of TakesScreenshot interface we can take the screenshots in selenium.

File scrFile = ((TakesScreenshot)driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);

FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, new File(“D:\\testScreenShot.jpg”));

Where you have applied OOPS in Automation Framework?

ABSTRACTION

In Page Object Model design pattern, we write locators (such as id, name, xpath etc.,) in a Page Class. We utilize these locators in tests but we can’t see these locators in the tests. Literally we hide the locators from the tests.

INHERITANCE

We create a Base Class in the Framework to initialize WebDriver interface, WebDriver waits, Property files, Excels, etc., in the Base Class.

We extend the Base Class in other classes such as Tests and Utility Class. Extending one class into other class is known as Inheritance.

POLYMORPHISM

Combination of overloading and overriding is known as Polymorphism.

We use implicit wait in Selenium. Implicit wait is an example of overloading. In Implicit wait we use different time stamps such as SECONDS, MINUTES, HOURS etc.,

Declaring a method in child class which is already present in the parent class is called Method Overriding. Examples are get and navigate methods of different drivers in Selenium

Selenium Basic

What are the benefits of Automation Testing?

Benefits of Automation testing are:

Supports execution of repeated test cases
Aids in testing a large test matrix
Enables parallel execution
Encourages unattended execution
Improves accuracy thereby reducing human-generated errors
Saves time and money

Why should Selenium be selected as a test tool?

Selenium

is a free and open source
have a large user base and helping communities
have cross Browser compatibility (Firefox, Chrome, Internet Explorer, Safari etc.)
have great platform compatibility (Windows, Mac OS, Linux etc.)
supports multiple programming languages (Java, C#, Ruby, Python, Pearl etc.)
has fresh and regular repository developments
supports distributed testing

What is Selenium? What are the different Selenium components?

Selenium is one of the most popular automated testing suites.

The suite package constitutes of the following sets of tools(Selenium Components):

Selenium Integrated Development Environment (IDE) – Selenium IDE is a record and playback tool. It is distributed as a Firefox Plugin.

Selenium Remote Control (RC) – Selenium RC is a server that allows a user to create test scripts in the desired programming language. It also allows executing test scripts within the large spectrum of browsers.

Selenium WebDriver – WebDriver is a different tool altogether that has various advantages over Selenium RC. WebDriver directly communicates with the web browser and uses its native compatibility to automate.

Selenium Grid – Selenium Grid is used to distribute your test execution on multiple platforms and environments concurrently.

What is a hub in Selenium Grid?

A hub is a server or a central point that controls the test executions on different machines.

What is a node in Selenium Grid?

Node is the machine which is attached to the hub. There can be multiple nodes in Selenium Grid.

What are the Programming Languages supported by Selenium WebDiver?

Java
C#
Python
Ruby
Perl
PHP

What are the testing types that can be supported by Selenium?

Functional Testing

Regression Testing

What are the limitations of Selenium?

Following are the limitations of Selenium:

Selenium supports testing of only web-based application.
Captcha and Barcode readers cannot be tested using Selenium
Reports can only be generated using third-party tools like TestNG or JUnit.
The user is expected to possess prior programming language knowledge.

What is Selenese?

Selenese is the language which is used to write test scripts in Selenium IDE.

What are the different types of locators in Selenium?

The locator can be termed as an address that identifies a web element uniquely within the webpage. Thus, to identify web elements accurately and precisely we have different types of locators in Selenium:

ID
ClassName
Name
TagName
LinkText
PartialLinkText
Xpath
CSS Selector
DOM

What is the difference between assert and verify commands?

Assert: Assert command checks whether the given condition is true or false. Let’s say we assert whether the given element is present on the web page or not. If the condition is true then the program control will execute the next test step but if the condition is false, the execution would stop and no further test would be executed.

Verify: Verify command also checks whether the given condition is true or false. Irrespective of the condition being true or false, the program execution doesn’t halt i.e. any failure during verification would not stop the execution and all the test steps would be executed.

What is an XPath?

XPath is used to locate a web element based on its XML path. XML stands for Extensible Markup Language and is used to store, organize and transport arbitrary data.

What is the difference between “/” and “//” in Xpath?

Single Slash “/” – Single slash is used to create Xpath with absolute path i.e. the xpath would be created to start selection from the document node/start node.

/html/body/div[3]/div[1]/form/table/tbody/tr[1]/td/input

Double Slash “//” – Double slash is used to create Xpath with relative path i.e. the xpath would be created to start selection from anywhere within the document.

//input[@id='email']

What do we mean by Selenium 1 and Selenium 2?

Selenium RC and WebDriver, in a combination, are popularly known as Selenium 2. Selenium RC alone is also referred as Selenium 1.

How do I launch the browser using WebDriver?

The following syntax can be used to launch Browser:

WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();

WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();

WebDriver driver = new InternetExplorerDriver();

Here, WebDriver is an interface, driver is a reference variable, FirefoxDriver() is a Constructor, new is a keyword, and new FirefoxDriver() is an Object.

Is the FirefoxDriver a Class or an Interface?

FirefoxDriver is a Java class, and it implements the WebDriver interface.

What are the different types of Drivers available in WebDriver?

The different drivers available in WebDriver are:

FirefoxDriver
InternetExplorerDriver
ChromeDriver
SafariDriver
OperaDriver
AndroidDriver
IPhoneDriver
HtmlUnitDriver

What are the different types of waits available in WebDriver?

There are two types of waits available in WebDriver:

Implicit Wait
Explicit Wait
Fluent Wait

Implicit Wait: Implicit waits are used to provide a default waiting time (say 30 seconds) between each consecutive test step/command across the entire test script. Thus, subsequent test step would only execute when the 30 seconds have elapsed after executing the previous test step/command.

driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

Explicit Wait: Explicit waits are used to halt the execution till the time a particular condition is met or the maximum time has elapsed. Unlike Implicit waits, explicit waits are applied for a particular instance only.

WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver,30);

wait.until(ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable(By.xpath(“//div[contains(text(),’COMPOSE’)]”)));

Fluent Wait : Fluent Wait looks for a web element repeatedly at regular intervals until timeout happens or until the object is found.

Fluent Wait commands are most useful when interacting with web elements that can take longer durations to load. This is something that often occurs in Ajax applications.

//Declare and initialise a fluent wait
FluentWait wait = new FluentWait(driver);
//Specify the timout of the wait
wait.withTimeout(5000, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
//Sepcify polling time
wait.pollingEvery(250, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
//Specify what exceptions to ignore
wait.ignoring(NoSuchElementException.class)

How to type in a textbox using Selenium?

The user can use sendKeys(“String to be entered”) to enter the string in the textbox.

Syntax:

WebElement username = driver.findElement(By.id(“Email”));

username.sendKeys(“sth”);

How to clear the text in the text box using Selenium WebDriver?

By using clear() method

How can you find if an element in displayed on the screen?

isDisplayed()

isSelected()

isEnabled()

Syntax:

isDisplayed():

boolean buttonPresence = driver.findElement(By.id(“gbqfba”)).isDisplayed();

isSelected():

boolean buttonSelected = driver.findElement(By.id(“gbqfba”)).isSelected();

isEnabled():

boolean searchIconEnabled = driver.findElement(By.id(“gbqfb”)).isEnabled();

How can we get a text of a web element?

Get command is used to retrieve the inner text of the specified web element.

Syntax:

String Text = driver.findElement(By.id(“Text”)).getText();

How to get an attribute value using Selenium WebDriver?

By using getAttribute(value);

How to fetch the current page URL in Selenium?

To fetch the current page URL, we use getCurrentURL()

How to select value in a dropdown?

The value in the dropdown can be selected using WebDriver’s Select class.

Syntax:

selectByValue:

Select selectByValue = new Select(driver.findElement(By.id(“SelectID_One”)));

selectByValue.selectByValue(“greenvalue”);

selectByVisibleText:

Select selectByVisibleText = new Select (driver.findElement(By.id(“SelectID_Two”)));

selectByVisibleText.selectByVisibleText(“Lime”);

selectByIndex:

Select selectByIndex = new Select(driver.findElement(By.id(“SelectID_Three”)));

selectByIndex.selectByIndex(2);

What are the different types of navigation commands?

Following are the navigation commands:

navigate().back() – The above command requires no parameters and takes back the user to the previous webpage in the web browser’s history.

Sample code:

driver.navigate().back();

navigate().forward() – This command lets the user to navigate to the next web page with reference to the browser’s history.

Sample code:

driver.navigate().forward();

navigate().refresh() – This command lets the user to refresh the current web page there by reloading all the web elements.

Sample code:

driver.navigate().refresh();

navigate().to() – This command lets the user to launch a new web browser window and navigate to the specified URL.

Sample code:

driver.navigate().to(“https://google.com”);

How to handle frame in WebDriver?

An inline frame acronym as iframe is used to insert another document within the current HTML document or simply a web page into a web page by enabling nesting.

Select by id

driver.switchTo().frame(“ID of the frame“);

using tagName

driver.switchTo().frame(driver.findElements(By.tagName(“iframe”).get(0));

using index

driver.switchTo().frame(0);

using Name of Frame

driver.switchTo().frame(“name of the frame”);

Select Parent Window

driver.switchTo().defaultContent();

When do we use findElement() and findElements()?

findElement(): findElement() is used to find the first element in the current web page matching to the specified locator value. Take a note that only first matching element would be fetched.

Syntax: WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.xpath(“//div[@id=’example’]//ul//li”));

findElements(): findElements() is used to find all the elements in the current web page matching to the specified locator value. Take a note that all the matching elements would be fetched and stored in the list of WebElements.

Syntax:

List <WebElement> elementList = driver.findElements(By.xpath(“//div[@id=’example’]//ul//li”));

What is the difference between driver.close() and driver.quit command?

close():close() method closes the web browser window that the user is currently working on.

quit(): quit() method closes down all the windows that the program has opened.

How can we handle web-based pop up?

WebDriver offers the users with a very efficient way to handle these pop-ups using Alert interface.

void dismiss() – The accept() method clicks on the “Cancel” button as soon as the pop-up window appears.
void accept() – The accept() method clicks on the “Ok” button as soon as the pop-up window appears.
String getText() – The getText() method returns the text displayed on the alert box.
void sendKeys(String stringToSend) – The sendKeys() method enters the specified string pattern into the alert box.

Syntax:

Alert alert = driver.switchTo().alert();

alert.accept(); or alert.dismiss();

Can Selenium handle windows based pop up?

Selenium is an automation testing tool which supports only web application testing. Therefore, windows pop up cannot be handled using Selenium. But There are several third-party tools available for handling window based pop-ups along with the selenium like AutoIT, Robot class etc.

How to assert title of the web page?

//verify the title of the web page

assertTrue(“The title of the window is incorrect.”,driver.getTitle().equals(“Title of the page”));

How to mouse hover on a web element using WebDriver?

Used Action Interface to mouse hover on a drop down which then opens a list of options.

// Instantiating Action Interface

Actions actions=new Actions(driver);

// hovering on the dropdown

actions.moveToElement(driver.findElement(By.id("id of the dropdown"))).perform();

// Clicking on one of the items in the list options

WebElement subLinkOption=driver.findElement(By.id("id of the sub link"));

subLinkOption.click();

How to capture screenshot in WebDriver?

// Code to capture the screenshot

File scrFile = ((TakesScreenshot)driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);

// Code to copy the screenshot in the desired location

FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, new File("C:\\CaptureScreenshot\\google.jpg"))

What are Junit annotations?

Following are the JUnit Annotations:

@Test: Annotation lets the system know that the method annotated as @Test is a test method. There can be multiple test methods in a single test script.
@Before: Method annotated as @Before lets the system know that this method shall be executed every time before each of the test methods.
@After: Method annotated as @After lets the system know that this method shall be executed every time after each of the test method.
@BeforeClass: Method annotated as @BeforeClass lets the system know that this method shall be executed once before any of the test methods.
@AfterClass: Method annotated as @AfterClass lets the system know that this method shall be executed once after any of the test methods.
@Ignore: Method annotated as @Ignore lets the system know that this method shall not be executed.

What are the different types of frameworks?

Data Driven Testing Framework: Data Driven Testing Framework helps the user segregate the test script logic and the test data from each other. It lets the user store the test data into an external database. The data is conventionally stored in “Key-Value” pairs. Thus, the key can be used to access and populate the data within the test scripts.
Keyword Driven Testing Framework: The Keyword Driven testing framework is an extension to Data-driven Testing Framework in a sense that it not only segregates the test data from the scripts, it also keeps the certain set of code belonging to the test script into an external data file.
Hybrid Testing Framework: Hybrid Testing Framework is a combination of more than one above mentioned frameworks. The best thing about such a setup is that it leverages the benefits of all kinds of associated frameworks.
Behavior Driven Development Framework: Behavior Driven Development framework allows automation of functional validations in easily readable and understandable format to Business Analysts, Developers, Testers, etc.

What is Object Repository? How can we create Object Repository in Selenium?

Object Repository is used to store locators in a centralized location instead of hard-coding them within the scripts.We do create a property file (.properties) to store all the element locators and these property files act as an object repository in Selenium WebDriver.

What is Page Object Model in Selenium?

In the Page Object Model Design Pattern, each web page is represented as a class. All the objects related to a particular page of a web application are stored in a class.

What are the annotations available in TestNG?

@BeforeTest
@AfterTest
@BeforeClass
@AfterClass
@BeforeMethod
@AfterMethod
@BeforeSuite
@AfterSuite
@BeforeGroups
@AfterGroups
@Test